Meaning of Revolving Credit

What is Revolving Credit?


The caveat in credit card spending is never to have any bills outstanding.  If a customer does not pay the total outstanding amount by the due date, the Card Issuing Bank will charge a very high interest rate( even up to 44% per annum) on the outstanding amount and probably another service charge on top of that.  This is where the Card Issuing Bank make extra money.  In fact, Card Issuing Bank actually encourage customers to revolve credit by offering appropriate schemes like Balance Transfer and payment by Equated Monthly Installment(EMI). 

Credit Card Complete Transaction Cycle

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Credit Card Complete Transaction Cycle

How does the credit card transaction takes place, with complete transaction process cycle?


Lets understand the complete cycle with an example.  Let's assume that you make an purchase of an good for $/Rs.xxx.  You pay with your Bank Credit Card.  The Merchant establishment accepts your card, swipes it on a console and enters the billed amount.  When the swipe is done, the information contained in the magnetic strip of the card is captured by the machine.  This is matched against the central database at the Service Provider's end.  The checks are done to verify the authenticity of the card, and the transaction amount is approved if it is withing the approved credit limit.  A bill is generated and when the customer signs on the bill, he accepts to pay the transaction amount at a future date when the bill is presented to him by the Card Issuing Bank.


Credit Card bills are generated once every month.  This statement contains the list of purchases made by the customer till a particular date.  Depending on when the purchases are made, the customer can enjoy an interest free credit, typically up to 50-55days.


The onus of collecting the money from the customer rests with the Card Issuing Bank.  The Merchant Establishment is assured of his payment from the Card Issuing Bank the moment the card is swiped.  The Card Issuing Bank usually charges a transaction fee of 2.5% from the Merchant Establishment for the service.  This is shared between the Card Issuing Bank and the Service Provider( A large part would be retained with the Card Issuing Bank as it takes the risk associated with non-payment from the customer). 


The customer is charged a joining fee and a recurring annual fee fro the usage of the card.  The competition in the credit card industry has forced many Card Issuing Bank's to waive many charges.  Also the customers can redeem the points they earn by virtue of their spending against the renewal fee.  High spenders also get other benefits based on their spending levels.


Gist:
Persons Involved in the transaction: Customer, Card Issuing Bank, Merchant Establishment, Service Providers.
Risk and Return: Card Issuing Bank risk is high, so as return compared to Service Establishment.

More about Revolving Credit Click Here, 

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Infosys: KV Kamath, the Successor of Narayana Murthy.

On April 30, 2011 in Bangalore, India.
Announcing in the Press meet the successor of Narayana Murthy and other changes made in the Top management of Infosys.
Starting with the change in the company's name from Infosys Technologies to Infosys Ltd.
Narayana Murthy passes the baton to Kv Kamath.

Narayana Murthy(left), KV Kamath (right)

Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy, who is considered to be an great leader and the search for the successor which took place for more than six months has come to an end as they found the person replacing the position.


Narayana Murthy, one the Co-Founder among 7 founders with was working as  non-executive Chairman and Chief Mentor of Infosys has been replaced by KV Kamath as Non-Executive chairman and Independent director of Infosys. 


Apart from that two more changes are SD Shibulal will be the new CEO replacing Gopalakrishnan who was earlier serving as  Executive chairman and Managing Director.

 Narayana Murthy: "Shibulal has exceeeded board expectation as COO."

Shibulal(left), Gopalakrishnan(Kris)(right)

And S Gopalakrishnan(popularly known as Kris) will be the Executive co-chairman (who currently is the CEO & MD, Infosys) and he is the one of the 7 founder of Infosys addressedthe meeting talking about the companies achievement saying,

"Infosys revenues has increased to $6billion and employee strength is  around 130,000".

These all new appointments will be effective from 21-Aug-2011. 
KV Kamath, who is awarded Padma bhushan in 2008 and he is currently the Non-Executive chariman of ICICI bank and hugely credited for transforming ICICI banks into an agressive lender.
Addressing the press KV Kamath said:

• "No one can replace murthy. Taking murthys position is a big honour.
• Honoured to be appointed as Infosys Chairman.
• Infosys is in a eviable position. Because it  has outstanding leadership, performance.
• Always watched NRN with administration. I was mentored by murthy for last 15 years and he follows the method of following the three (discipline, empowerment and recognition).

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Understanding Customer Experience, The importance of CEM over CRM

The points mentioned in this article can be described briefly under the following headings.

1. Defining what is customer experience

2. The importance of CEM over CRM

3. Means of tracking customer experience and acting on it

4. Rating the customers

Most companies forget to keep the customer experience on the forefront and prioritize on factors like marketing, advertising, increasing sales and promoting their products. Customers are baited by offering special concessions and other attractive packages but when it comes to taking care of the customer requirement and answering their queries, customers are ignored instantly. Customer experience is all about the indirect and the direct contact it makes with the Company.

Its high time Customer Relationship Management took the back seat and Customer Experience Management is treated with importance. Companies spend millions just on CRM software which is not justifiable. After all, if the Companies gave more importance to CEM then they could improve upon their service depending on a positive or a negative response.

There are three patterns of customer experience: Persistent, Periodic, Pulsed. By analyzing such data frequently, the Company can evaluate and improve their services periodically. This is a great means to stay up-to-date and in tandem with client’s satisfaction.

Rating the customers can give a clear right picture of whether sales will improve for the next quarter or will be poor. Customers can be divided into four kinds – Model Customers, Growth Customers, At-risk customers and Dangling customers. With such kind of information, the Company can study on how to improve their present sales records.

Concluding, Customer dissatisfaction is widespread. A measure has to be taken to improve this.

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Article Summary: Using Activity Based Costing and Economic Profit to Grow the Bottom Line

Using ABC costing management technique as well as Economic Profit or EVA can dramatically improve the financial health of a Company as it presents the real picture or the fact sheet, as the ABC tracks the cost objects consumed in the activities and therefore the resources consumed in those activities, to know accurate individual overheads instead of simply relating on the volume. The ABC concept is defined as costing technique that takes into consideration both factors – the resource drivers as well as the activity drivers to determine the price of a product/service.

The objective of this summary is to show that using Activity based Costing model and Economic profit unlike traditional financial management techniques can affect the profitability of an Enterprise in a major way.

It should be realized that the profitability of a company does not alone rely on the sales of the product/services but also on the expenses involved in the production of that particular product/service. In a case study of an Automotive parts manufacturing Company located in Norway, it was proved that only a small percent of their product line had a positive Economic Profit and Return on Sales. In fact when Operational profitability and the Economic Profit of their product line were categorized and columned side by side, it was eye opening.

As the companies usually mix up the overheads cost with the direct costs it may not be ended up the accurate price setting method of the product, so a scrutinizing of accounts on Bill of Materials (BOM) should be done. It was found that the Company’s largest product line had a very low operational profitability which in turn gave a negative EP. To be honest, sale of such products should be discontinued. In another study conducted on the same products, the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats) framework was employed. It was found that the products that generated a positive EP had more weaknesses than strengths.

So to conclude, we can say that Activity Based forecasting model combined with or without EP is an effective financial tool in the management of a company.

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Article Summary: Leadership – The 5 Big Ideas

Although there are a plethora of books on the subject of leadership, they revolve around the concepts and ideas mentioned below under the following headings.

1. Good leaders have good character

Character of a person can play a vital role in the making of a good leader. The followers want to listen to someone who has integrity of character, which means he should be trustworthy, truthful, genuine, sincere, responsible, committed and so on so forth. Moral values is on the top of the list.

2. There’s no best way to lead.

As the heading suggests, there is no one approach that makes a leader good at what he does. A leader must instinctively understand what his purpose his and how to achieve his target. However, it is possible that a leader may confuse his job with that of the manager and he must avoid that. The leader has got to keep the big picture in perspective rather than get into the details of task management that a manager can handle.

3. Leaders must collaborate

This is not the age where tyranny and despotism can exist. Followers like to know they are being heard and not just being ordered to follow a plan of action. So, a leader must keep in mind that he must also allow his followers or those under him to be able to openly discuss and suggest what they have in mind. If a leader can do this, without losing his authoritativeness, he can be quite successful.

4. Adaptability is the key to longevity

As the heading suggests, change is the name of the game. The leader has to keep up with the times. He cannot use the same strategies over and over again and expect to be a winner. Conditions change whether it is a business environment of an organization or a political party.

5. Leaders are self made

Is it possible to teach someone to be a leader? A person can join a leadership course but unless it’s in his blood, he will not be able to thrive too long in a leader’s position. Some old school philosophers argue that leaders cannot be made, they are born with the talent to lead. However, anybody can aspire to be a leader if he works hard. Like they say, practice makes a man perfect.

A few guidelines that should be followed by an organization while employing leaders in their firm:

·        He should be someone where people would like to follow and listen to.

·        The organization should train the prospective leader so that their leadership capabilities  improve.

·        The organization should also train the followers of how to behave and respond to a leader.

·        The organization must gauge the effectiveness of the leader periodically before investing all their time and resources towards that person.

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The Balanced Scorecard, Competitive Strategy, and Performance

The objective of this summary is to explain the different types of indicators and various types of groups who give emphasizes on these perspective indicators in balanced scorecard for the purpose of formulating competitive strategy.

The Balanced scorecard (BSC) takes both financial and Non-financial performance indicators for the purpose of measuring the performance for an accurate decision making.  The major indicators/management control perspectives considered by the BSC are Customer perspective, internal business perspective, Innovation and learning perspective, and financial perspective.  Taking these things will allow the business to tailor its strategy, communicate those objectives to all, and seek for feedback.

In product-market strategy under competitive environment, four person are said to be involved, namely Prospectors, is a person who constantly tries to innovate new product and look for new market opportunities.  Defenders, who heavily try to create an efficient production for the purpose of creating a stable set of products and customer base.  Defenders can be further be classified into two, Low-cost defenders and Differentiated defenders. Analyzers, are the ones who tries to maximize the opportunity for the profit, they closely follow prospectors to respond quickly.  The fourth and final is Reactor, who does not respond to any product or market problems.

In a study conducted among many firms to find out the competitive strategy type adopted by them, and the emphasis placed by them on different dimension in the balanced scorecard.  Further all the archetypes are further divided in High performer and Low performers for better analysis which say, High and Low performing Prospectors are giving almost equal importance on the Innovation and growth perspective, however high performing prospectors give more emphasis on Financial and Customer Perspective than low performing prospectors. High performing Analyzers gives more emphasis on all perspective than low performing Analyzers.  A low cost defender has given lesser emphasis on Customer perspective and the innovation and growth perspective as these things will quest for efficiency. Finally, the High performing differentiated defenders are more of maintaining a greater relationship with customer, and should keep on working to server better for them. So it can be said that they give more emphasize on Customer and Innovation perspective as expected.

In can be concluded that, Irrespective of any type of group it can be said that the emphasize has given more on Customer Perspective compared to other perspective, which will further gives birth to the concept of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) principle, for a better management and further it can be said that there is no need to place equal weight for all the four perspective, but only to those which it needed based on the type of the group it falls under and only those which are considered as major contributors for business success.  But, the firm must also improve it bottom-line for satisfying its investors and maintain their confidence, so the emphasis has to be done even on Internal Business Perspective.

Which means it can be said that a fairly balanced approach of perspective has to be marked in the Balance scorecard and should achieve it not only for company’s growth but also for gaining a competitive advantage. 

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Article Summary: Innovation in Internet Age

Article Summary on, "Innovation in the internet age" written by Christopher Skinner. The objective of this summary is to explain the importance of innovation in the current business field with the help of Internet.

Now the companies are looking forward for renewing their business processes and involved in building new markets using the new medium called Internet, Internet has become an integral part of the individual. Internet is playing an important role in consumer buying behavior, where internet research is performed by the user before making any purchases.

Further on other side, business is running campaigns, to call up for fresh ideas from the public, tracking and measuring the feedbacks, and uses the guided design for the purpose of innovating new products. More on even the Internet is being used for monitoring the brand value and product perception.

The major challenges faced by the companies in implementing the IT as its medium for its business operations are, often it requires a special team(s) to make sure it is maximum utilized. The companies are already following the traditional marketing approach and to get into new system requires a change in overall organizational structure either by creating independent organizations, or making acquisition of the company which can handle the type of desired innovation. Finally, in most of established organizations has an fear of not obtaining the acceptable gross margins and this would discourage them in being a true innovators, but the companies can’t survive for longer time if they won’t take up the innovation activity. So it has to take up acceptable gross margins which will adjust sustainable profit volume goals.

In can be concluded that there is a need for a reaction by the business house towards the changes in the marketplace. If it failed in implementation of a fully ‘‘internet integration’’ will lead to decline in market share and their sales. More on M&A are not only way for innovations, it has to find out which is the best media which drives the sales for the company, and discern the appropriate attribution of cost to allow for proper optimization of value. This will help the organization to develop new products and services and to sustain in the future.

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Article Summary: Innovative HRM and Corporate Performance

Article Summary on, "Innovative human resource management and corporate performance in the context of economic liberalization in India" written by “Ashok Sam”. The objective of this summary is to explain whether any changes took placed post liberalization in India and what are those if any? How HRM is perceived by the organization and its scope in the present situation? A study has been conducted in various organizations irrespective of size of the company to find out various practices which has been implemented and given weight in the decision making.

Liberalization has opened a new opportunity for the business, which further drove the foreign players to enter the Indian market which has further forced the local players to go through an superior completion and this made a challenge for all the companies to change its working process an brought an change in transition employee profile, the demography, de-skilling, re-skilling, and multi-skilling and various issues related to work-force reduction. So the Indian firms are focusing on Innovative recruitment and compensation practices to improve their firm performance.

From the current research it was found that, Indian organization has adopted various innovative changes in their HRM practices and there is a relation between HRM practices and corporate performance.   It was further found that a strong and positive link between these practices and Organization performance which includes work attachment, firm financial performance and productivity of the employee. Practices like selective staffing, incentive compensation, and training, along with HRM recruitment policies, promotion, benefits, employee health and safety were positively related with the performance of the company.

The role of HR department was generally seen ensuring in attract, retain, motivate and develop human resources according to current and future requirements. Recruitment process has taken a new road by implementing innovative practices.

·        More informal methods like recruiting managerial staff by advertising internally and from current employees.

·        Selection of Top level employees based on social contacts.

HRM is considered not just a program; it is about building employee-employer relationship. Few major other practices adopted are:

·        Persons recruited for supervisory and managerial levels are those with professional training and qualification like an MBA.

·        Formal Induction, orientation and familiarization process designed to help the new managerial recruits understand the organization.

·        Coaching by boss/line manager helps a lot in increasing skills in the organization.

·        People management skills are important in performance appraisal.

·        The rewards received are directly related to the performance and contribution at work.

Liberalization has forced the organization to make a lot of changed in its practices, to accept the new practices and innovate more accordingly to the company’s culture.  Few innovative practices followed because of liberalization would be:

·        Benchmarking with global excellent practices.

·        De-regulated hyper-competitive environment.

·        Retaining key talent has been one of the important resources for competitive advantage for firms.

Further Innovative practices like Flexible hours, competency based payment schemes, and clear remuneration policies to attract and retail talent is being used. A transition has been taken placed from seniority based to performance based pay, and linking the appraisal with the productivity of the employee.

One of the major changes adopted by the companies is Empowerment of employees, which has changed the organization structure that encourages employee participation and allows them to improve and redesign how their job has to be performed.

A HRM practice has helped in strategic decisions for return in assets, growth on sales and growth in stock values. The new well integrated practice and casual model is linked with the HRM.

It can be concluded that the transition took placed for a good note, and further the workers of the organization are not treated as just a cost; rather, as it has a resource based perspective. The people and HRM are emerging as a critical success factor for attaining a competitive advantage for firms.  More on, the role of HR department has not just limited to design and evaluate employee management policy but in changing the whole business environment in India. 

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Article Summary: The Long-Term Impact of Loyalty Programs on Consumer Purchase Behavior and Loyalty

Article Summary on, "The Long-Term Impact of Loyalty Programs on Consumer Purchase Behavior and Loyalty" written by Yuping Liu. The objective of this summary is to explain the research conducted on impact of loyalty program on various type of customer and how the customer perceives the customer loyalty program.  The study was more concentrated on these consumer loyalty programs which changes consumers’ patronage levels to the firm and the outcomes are very important to study because they are directly related to consumer profitability and the financial success of a loyalty program.

The study further answers the following questions.

How do consumers change their usage levels after joining a loyalty program?

Does the program make consumers more loyal over time?

How do consumers with different initial spending levels respond differently to the program?

There is a change in influencing Individual consumer’s behavior that happens after they join a loyalty program.  So consumers with different initial usage levels change their behavior to maximize the benefits they receive from a loyalty program. But there is a strategic importance because to run such programs it’s a costly investment and requires a firm’s long-term commitment. More on it is difficult to initiate and maintain a loyalty program. It requires extensive efforts to manage point records and reward issuance.

Such Loyalty programs provide value to consumers can be classified into two stages. In the first stage, points are given to consumers when the purchase takes place. Although these points doesn’t have any value until they are redeemed, but it create a psychological satisfaction to consumers. This psychological benefit which the consumer gains increases the purchase amount and number of purchases and, subsequently, the overall value perception of doing business with the firm. Because consumers can later redeem points for free rewards, point accumulation creates an anticipation of positive future events, which increases consumers’ retained and create and strong relationship. In the second stage, where redemption takes place, consumers receive both psychological and economic benefits from a loyalty program.

Consumers usually have a tendency to compare across competitors, consumers, and the time before going for a loyalty program.  A main advantage of loyalty programs is their ability to increase switching cost. In the long run, the increase in switching costs has important implications for customer loyalty.  When consumers join a loyalty program to redeem more quickly they increase their purchases on one firm, and more on this program will further helps in these consumers will diversified their purchases by purchasing other products of the firm, this cross-sell will increase the CLTV of the consumer.

Through these measures, the opportunity for these consumers to benefit from the loyalty program increased, further motivating them to spend more and patronize the store more exclusively.

The main advantage company can earn from this program is retaining the customer for longer period, thus this vested interest he or she will have could be used to increase the CLTV and this creates a long-term customer lock-in. and when the switching costs is higher for the consumer the loyalty program members are less likely to have extended experience with competitors, further reducing their ability to weigh competitor comparison in their decisions.

It can be concluded that, heavy buyers already can enjoy frequent rewards and thus do not have a strong incentive to change their behavior, but whereas Moderate and Light buyers are the best and most opportunity target, where the program gives an incentive to change their purchase behavior and shift their purchases to one firm. The loyalty program had positive impact on both light and moderate buyers purchase frequencies and transaction sizes, and it made these consumers more loyal to the store. And further it can be said that the consumer who started with low usage levels changed more than other targets groups, which contradicts the myth that low level buyers are less opportunity target and that they will not perceive much value in the program.

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Article Summary: The Effect of Perception on Indian Urban Female Consumer Buying Behavior

Summary of the Article, "The effect of perception on Indian urban female consumer buying behavior" written by Dr.Avinash Kapoor and Dr.Chinmaya Kulshrestha. The objective of this study is to know the fashion involvement of selected affluent female consumers and to find the relationship between the fashion involvement and the media usage, personality traits (self-confidence and public self-consciousness), price perceptions (price/quality and prestige sensitivity), and selected demographic characteristics of affluent females consumers and to know whether these characteristics can be used as predictors of fashion involvement by the marketers.

The study among a random sample of 1200 female respondents was conducted in two places (Jaipur and Gurgaon as the places were selected because they are regional fashion center in India, as per The Retail Weeks,2007) taking two hypotheses:

i)                    There is relationship between fashion involvement and media usage personality traits, price perceptions, and selected demographic characteristics of affluent females consumers and,

ii)                  With these perceptions the future fashion involvement can be predicted.

Both Exploratory and Descriptive research was conducted, where exploratory research used mail survey and personal contacting through emails and telephone has been carried out.  For data analysis for the hypothesis i), Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation tests and for Hypothesis ii) Two-step hierarchical regression is used to find the correlation and significant between the variables.

The study provided the following information; the overall fashion involvement is higher than what was expected. Media usage, Price/quantity relationship and Personality traits only self-confidence is higher than expected, where as public self-consciousness and prestige sensitivity is lower that what was expected.

The Correlation analysis has showed that there is most significant correlation between media usage and fashion involvement having a highest correlation(r=.296), where Prestige sensitivity(r=.219) and public self-consciousness(r=.199) taking the second and third high correlated variables respectively.  Whereas demographic characteristics like age, income, education, work status, price quality compared with fashion involvement has negative correlation.

The regression analyses has indicated that, Media usage and Prestige sensitivity has a coefficient of (.212) and (.153) respectively indicating as best predictor of fashion involvement.  At the same time, Price/quality showed a negative coefficient which suggests that the respondents perceptions of higher the price of the product are not necessarily an indicator of good quality.

At the same time personality traits were not significant predictors of fashion investment. And the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) further indicated that there is no collinearity between fashion involvement and the predictor variables.

When the fashion involvement of affluent female consumers and their apparel purchase behavior, retailers and marketers will be able to accurately target the market segment.  Marketers can benefit from this information by developing pricing and promotional tactics to appeal to this market.  This would be further even helps the retailers by knowing what to consider when pricing products and promoting to affluent consumers. 

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Article Summary: Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Corporate Performance in India

This is to summarize the article, “The impact of mergers and acquisitions on corporate performance in India" written by “Satish Kumar and Lalit K. Bansal ”. The objective of this summary is to explain the changes occurred post M&A of the firms and financial performance of the firms and to find out whether merger or acquisition is suitable to increase the different perspectives of the organization performance.  

The main reason for this kind of move by the corporate  are to gain greater market power, gaining the new innovations thus reducing the risks associated with the development of a new product or service, increasing the efficiency with the help of economies of scale. Usually

corporate sector personal has tightened their belts in restructuring the company so that it can face the cut throat competition from MNC’s and also will helps in exploring new opportunities.

Thanks to liberalization measures where the Government controls where, regulations and restrictions have been reduced, has helped the corporate houses to expand, diversify and modernize the operations by resorting to M&A.           

The study was conducted with the help of six ratio used for the comparison purpose between the pre and post merger of the organization, which are done on five parameters six ratios, where Liquidity position, operating efficiency, overall efficiency, debt to equity ratio, return on net worth and earnings per share are been found out.

Out of 22 merger cases 13 merging firms are showing increase in working capital. Out of these 13 firms, six firms are showing a huge increase in working capital which indicates that the current assets have gone up compared to current liabilities of the company.  A sharp decrease is observed in three of the firms in its working capital post merger. In the case of Acquired firms, out of 52 acquisition cases 37 acquiring firms are showing an increase in working capital and 15 acquiring firms are showing a decrease in working capital, in which only three where shown an steep decrease.

In operating efficiency, if a comparison is made between merger and acquisition cases, merger cases are more successful in proportion of total cases of the same type. If a comparison is made between merging and acquiring firms on the basis of increase in working capital then more number of acquirers has increased their working capital.  While considering the return on network, both merger and acquisition has shown a significant amount of increase in the return on net worth which shows that the firms are better in efficient at generating profits from every rupee of net assets, and a company is better in using the owners’ funds to generate earning growth.

It can be concluded that, the financial performance has improved significantly post-merger of more than half of the companies and in acquisition deals, more than half of the cases showed an improvement in the financial performance.  In both mergers and acquisitions the financial performance has improved but at the same time both working capital and debt-equity ratio are also increasing.  Because of which it can be observed that the financial burden of the firm has gone up as the current assets may turned into non-earning assets and the explicit costs are increased. But when compared to the pre merger and after merger period, there were no sign of increase of profits in after merger time, but anyhow the Indian companies had maintained a constant dividend to satisfy its shareholders, irrespective of the profits being constant. 

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Brand Name and Mascot, Logos - Business Quiz Questions with Answers

Click Here: INDEX PAGE: BUSINESS Quiz MATERIAL.

What is the Reebok Logo called?

Answer: The Dynamic Vector


What is the Nike Logo Called?

Answer: Swoosh


What is the name of the tiger mascot of Kellogg's Frosties breakfast cereal?



Answer: Tony


This Tyre company's logo was formed with the suggestion of a lorry driver at a small road-side dhaba, who said that a good tyre should be tough and rugged as a wrestler - thus giving them their famous logo. Name the company? 
Hint: Chennai Based rubber products company, founded by KM Mammem Mappilai and his family. 

Answer: MRF Tyres. (MRF stands for Madras Rubber Factory)

Which brand has Colonel Harland David Sanders as its mascot?

Answer: KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken)


What is the name of the clown of the fast food giant McDonald?

Answer: Ronald


Which is the world's best selling condom brand?
Answer: Durex


What does Durex stands for?

Answer: Durability, Reliability, and Excellence


Chennai based TI Cycles of India(popular with BSA brand cycles) started by Tuber Investment Group(UK) and popular diversified Indian company. Which is the company?

Answer: Murugappa Group.


Which is the adhesive brand once displayed its strength in a unique way.  It glued a car on an hoarding for 10 days.



Answer: Araldite 

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