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Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts

Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabet - N

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What is Near Money?
Assets which are readily convertible into money e.g. deposit accounts, deposit with savings banks and building societies, and certain short-term agreement securities.

What is Negotiable Instrument?
A claim, the title to which passes by delivery. Examples of such claims include bills of exchange,cheques, promissory notes, dividend warrants and debentures payable to bearer. Transfer is by delivery only. A bill of exchange payable to a certain person ?only? is not a negotiable instrument. Neither is a cheque with ?not negotiable? written on it. Bill of Lading, Dock Warrants, and Postal Orders are not negotiable.

What is NAV (Net Asset Value)?
The value of a fund?s investment. For a mutual fund, the net asset value per share usually represents the fund?s market price.

What is Net Book Value?
A statement of the value of fixed assets which is used in accounting. The appropriate amount of depreciation is deducted from the original cost of purchase of the asset to give its net book value.

What is Net Profit?
Resulted amount after deduction of Administration costs like overheads from Gross profit.

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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - M



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What is Management?
The process of planning, organizing,leading, and controlling the work of members of an organization and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals.



What is Manpower?
In ordinary language, manpower means the working population of a country. In economics, manpower means the organisation of work force for its utilization in different sectors of the economy.

What is Market?
A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. In non-marketing terms the function of a market is to enable an exchange of goods or services to take place, a means by which buyers and sellers are brought into contact with one another.

What is Marketing?
Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others.

What is Market Economy?
Means an economy in which crucial economic decisions and choices are made in a decentralized manner by private individuals and firms operating through a free price-and-market mechanism. Equilibrium of prices and quantities are determined in a market economy through the laws of supply and demand.

What is Market Forces?
Refers to pressures by the free play of market supply and demand, which induce adjustment in prices and / or quantities traded.

What is Market Price?
Means the price determined by the equilibrium between demand and supply in a market period (or very short period).

What is Matched Order?
Its purpose is to create an impression in the market that a security is very active. For this purpose, two sets of brokers are employed - one for buying and the other for selling at prices determined in advance by the speculator.

What is Matrix Structure?
An organizational structure in which each employee reports to both a functional or division manager and to a project group manager.

What is Maturity?
Means the date on which a loan or bond or debenture becomes due and is to be paid off i.e., the capital refunded.

What is Merger?
Means a union of two or more firms in a transaction by which one absorbs the other(s), or a new firm gets created utilising the assets of the absorbed firms.

What is Mortgage?
Refers to the conveyance of property by a debtor (mortgager) to a creditor (mortgagee) as security for a debt, with a condition that the property will have to be reconveyed on payment of the debt.

What is MNC (Multi National Corporation)?
A company is called a MNC, which the company expand its operation to more than one country with a headquarters in only once country.


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SWOT(Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis of India Economy

Indian industry has come a long way from the command, control style of functioning rooted in an inward looking Import substitution policy to an export orientation, globally competitive, quality driven style of functioning.  In short term, with improved investment, scenario coupled with government continual through and reforms, the industrial performance is expected to do better.  But in large run, the performance depends on how well the reform are initiated, the investment and growth in Infrastructure, the continued availability of natural resources avail of low-cost , high skill workforce and global market scenario.  For sure is that it will gain momentum on the wheel of growth has been set to motion.


Here is and SWOT(Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis of India Economy not to become an Super power but at least to become a Developed Country.




Strengths of India.

  • Vast Industrial Presence in both Public and Private Sectors
  • Huge demand for Domestic Industrial goods.
  • Avail of Low-cost, Skilled Human Resources.
  • Proactive government continued thrust on reforms- Further liberalization under process.
  • Increasing investment in real assets (Capacity Expanding), Inflow of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) across Industrial sector.

Weaknesses of India
  • Presence of Vast Industrial sickness
  • Outdated labor laws, and presence of too many political labor and trade union.
  • Nascent Regulatory systems to check misuse of market power by firms.
  • Dependency of Subsidies(SSI – Small scale industries)
  • Inadequate and poor quality infrastructure cost and time delays.

Opportunities in India.
  • Growing Competition of Indian industry due to focus on efficient and quality.
  • Vast export marked to explore.
  • Growing recognition of “Made in India” brand in global market
  • Major growth through outscoring opportunities
  • Presence of Deming award winning firms (Focus on quality)
  • Growing number of overseas investment and acquisition by Indian Firms.

Threats to India
  • Heavy competition in manufacturing field from china.
  • Power crises and the virtuous growth cycling manufacturing sector.
  • Large informal sector, Poor working condition and low wages.
  • Inclusion of social (Labor) issues in trade dialogues could happens exports (e.g., Child labor)
  • High corruption and inadequate environmental safety norms could affect sustainability.

Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - J and L


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What is Jobber?
A jobber is an independent dealer in securities. He purchases and sells securities in his own name. He is not allowed to deal with non-members directly.

What is Labour?
All human resources which are available to society for use in the process of production.

What is Labour Costs Per Unit of Output?
Refers to the cost of the labour in real terms which is involved in making each unit of output.

What is Laissez-Faire?
Refers to a policy of non-interference by the State in economic affairs.

What is Lateral Communication?
Communication between departments of an organization that generally follows the work flow rather than the chain of command, and thus provides a direct channel for coordination and problem solving.

What is Lateral Integration?
This occurs when a firm branches or absorbs other businesses engaged in producing commodities related in same way to its own main products.

What is Lease?
The term used for an agreement in which one agent obtains the right of use of some property owned by another agent for a given period of time in return for an agreed fixed charge (which is generally paid in periodic instalments).

What is Letter of Credit?
A document which is issued by a bank on behalf of a customer which guarantees payment by the bank of cheques drawn by the customer, or more commonly today of bills drawn on that customer by parties from whom he has bought goods. Letters of Credit are used largely in association with bills of exchange, to which they give added security in the financing of foreign trade.

What is Letter of Hypothecation?
The term used for a letter from an exporter to his bank authorizing it, in the event of the importer failing to accept or pay a bill of exchange, to sell the goods exported and remit the proceeds less expenses.

What is Liabilities?
Refers to any claims, actual or potential, of an individual or institution. The term usually refers to financial liabilities of which the commonest form has been a debt of any kind. Thus, some deposits, which are banker's debts, are commonly termed as 'deposit liabilities'.

What is Lien?
Means a claim against property. A bond is usually secured by a lien against specified property of the company.

What is LIFO (Last In, First Out)?
This is a method of costing adopted by firms which carry many items of stock of the same kind bought at different times and at different prices as shown in the books. Under the more common FIFO system, it is assumed that whenever an item is sold it was the first to be purchased, whereas under the LIFO system it is assumed to have been purchased last.

What is Limited Liability?
Means the restriction of an owner's loss in a business to the extent of the capital that he has invested in it.

What is Line Organisation?
Line organisation refers to a direct chain of command from top to bottom. Here, the lines of direction are straight and vertical. Every superior has complete command over his subordinates and every subordinate is directly accountable to only one superior immediately above him.

What is Liquid Assets?
Means assets either in the form of money or which can be quickly converted into money.

What is Liquidation (Winding Up)?
Refers to the process where-by the existence of a company gets terminated, its property having been realized and distributed among its creditors and in the event of a surplus, among its members.

What is Liquidity?
The term indicates availability of cash, and of assets readily convertible into cash (called liquid assets), to meet immediate obligations; a volume of reserves plus credit facilities, reflected in an ability to meet current financial liabilities in cash.


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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - I




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What is Idle Money?
An inactive money that does not contribute to productive assets in an economy. It results from what Keynes called Liquidity Preference i.e.; the desire to hold money rather than risk it on interest-earning assets, or goods which may have little utility.


What is Income Tax?
Personal income tax is levied on individuals by the Central Government and the proceeds are shared between the Centre and the States. The income tax is progressive; that is, the tax rate is not uniform but rises progressively with the rise in money income.


What is Infrastructure?
Services which are regarded as essential for the creation of a modern economy; e.g.; power, transport, housing, education, health services.


What is Insolvent?
Means the state of being unable to pay one?s debts.


What is Interest?
A payment by a borrower for the use of a sum of money for a period of time. It is the reward for the use of capital in the process of production.


What is Intermediate Goods?
The goods which find use at some point in the production process of other goods, rather than final consumption.


What is Inventory?
The raw materials, work in progress and finished goods in organization maintained to meet its operational needs. A term used for the quantity of stock held by a business.


What is Invoice?
A document used in business giving a complete summary of a transaction involving the sale of 
goods.





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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - H




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What is Hedge?
Any action taken by a buyer / seller to protect his interest by spreading / lowering risk due to a change in price.


What is Hierarchy?
The line of authority in an organization that runs in order of rank from top management to the lowest level of the enterprise.


What is Horizontal Integration?
With reference to the structure of an industry it is the tendency to specialize in single processes instead of undertaking the entire production of the commodity from start to finish.


What is Hot Money?
Money that moves across country/borders in response to interest rate differences and that, which moves away when the interest rate differential disappears.


What is Hypermarket?
A hypermarket is a multi-brand, multi-department store under one roof meant to offer cost-effective shopping for household requirements.


What is Hypothecation?
Refers to the pledging of securities as collateral; for example to secure the debit balance in a margin account.


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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - G




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What is Goal?
The purpose that an organization strives to achieve. Organizations often have more than one goal.


What is Goods?
A Tangible Product, which is possible of getting delivered to the Buyer/Purchaser from the Seller with an transfer of ownership from the seller to the purchaser.


What is Gross domestic product (GDP)?
The total goods and services produced by a Country over a period given, usually 1 year.
Gross Domestic Product measures the total output from all the resources located in a country, wherever the owners of the resources live.


What is Gross national product (GNP)?
GNP is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production.



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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - F




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What is Face Value?
Means the nominal value, as distinct from the market value, of a security (bond/share). The value written on a coin or a bank note is also termed as face value.


What is Factors of Production?
The resources required for production. The four factors of production are Land, Labour, Capital and Entrepreneur (Organization). Factors of production are resources required for production.


What is Factor Income?
Income accruing to factors of production ? rent for land, wage for labour, interest for capital, & profit for organizer.


What is Fiat Money?
Money which the State declares to be legal tender.


What is Finance?
The term is applicable to funds from almost any source which is used to undertake any kind of expenditure.


What is Finished Goods?
Refers to the goods, which are used for the purpose of consumption and not utilized as inputs by the firms in the process of production.


What is Fiscal Policy?
Generally refers to the use of taxation and government expenditure for regulating the aggregate level of economic activity.


What is Fixed Assets?
Includes the monetary value of the company?splant, equipment, property, patents, and other items used on a continuing basis to produce its goods and services.


What is Fixed Cost?
Refers to the production costs which tend to be unaffected by variations in the volume of output.


What is F.O.B. (Free on Board)?
Term used of goods shipped where the price does not include shipping and insurance charges; opposite to C.I.F. An F.O.B. quotation implies that the exporter will deliver the goods free on board a ship in accordance with the contract at the port named; he pays all expenses up to that point. From there on, the buyer must take responsibility, paying for freight, insurance, and all subsequent expenses


What is Forward Market?
A Forward market transaction involves a contract to buy or sell commodities, or securities at a fixed future date at a price agreed in a contract.


What is Franchise?
A type of licensing arrangement in which an organization sells a package containing a trademark, equipment, materials, services owned by another organization.


What is Free Market?
Refers to a market in which there is an absence of intervention by government and where the process of demand and supply are permitted to operate freely.





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Basic Economic Terms list with explanation. Alphabets - E


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What is Easy Money?
Refers to a general state of ease and cheapness of borrowing in the financial system. It may result from policy action to reduce interest rates, increase liquidity of the banking system, release any non-price restrictions on lending like credit ceilings and restrictive conditions on hire-purchase contracts.


What is Economic Growth?
The rate of expansion of the national income or total value of production of goods and services of a country.


What is Economies of Scale?
Refers to the reduction in the average cost of a product in the long run, resulting from an expanded level of output. They are also known as ?long run increasing returns?.


What is Elasticity?
The degree of responsiveness of demand or supply to a change of price. Elasticity may be defined as a measure of the percentage change in one variable in respect of a percentage change in another variable.


What is Elasticity of Demand?
Means the response of demand to a change in the price of commodity. If the price rises, the amount demanded normally decreases.


What is Elasticity of Supply?
Means the response of supply to a change in the price of commodity. If the price rises, the quantity demanded normally increases.


What is Entrepreneur?
The term used for the organizing factor in production. Entrepreneurs are responsible for such economic decisions as what to produce, how much to produce and what method of production to adopt.


What is Equity?
Another name for ownership; often used to describe a share in a company.


What is Exchange?
Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired product from someone by offering something in return.


What is Excise Duties?
Taxes on home produced goods to raise revenue, as distinct from customs duties which are taxes on imports not primarily imposed to raise revenue. Excise duties may be imposed either to raise revenue or to check the consumption of the commodities on which they are imposed.


What is Export?
The term used for a goods/service which is produced in one country and sold to a consumer in another.


What is Easy Money?
Refers to a general state of ease and cheapness of borrowing in the financial system. It may result from policy action to reduce interest rates, increase liquidity of the banking system, release any non-price restrictions on lending like credit ceilings and restrictive conditions on hire-purchase contracts.


What is Economic Growth?
The rate of expansion of the national income or total value of production of goods and services of a country.


What is Economies of Scale?
Refers to the reduction in the average cost of a product in the long run, resulting from an expanded level of output. They are also known as ?long run increasing returns?.


What is Elasticity?
The degree of responsiveness of demand or supply to a change of price. Elasticity may be defined as a measure of the percentage change in one variable in respect of a percentage change in another variable.


What is Elasticity of Demand?
Means the response of demand to a change in the price of commodity. If the price rises, the amount demanded normally decreases.


What is Elasticity of Supply?
Means the response of supply to a change in the price of commodity. If the price rises, the quantity demanded normally increases.


What is Entrepreneur?
The term used for the organizing factor in production. Entrepreneurs are responsible for such economic decisions as what to produce, how much to produce and what method of production to adopt.


What is Equity?
Another name for ownership; often used to describe a share in a company.


What is Exchange?
Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired product from someone by offering something in return.


What is Excise Duties?
Taxes on home produced goods to raise revenue, as distinct from customs duties which are taxes on imports not primarily imposed to raise revenue. Excise duties may be imposed either to raise revenue or to check the consumption of the commodities on which they are imposed.


What is Export?
The term used for a goods/service which is produced in one country and sold to a consumer in another.





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